详解机械钟表的结构和工作原理 / Explain the structure and working principle of mechanical clocks in detail

       机械钟表有多种结构形式，但其工作原理基本相同。钟表主要由原动系、传动系、擒纵调速器、指针系和上条拨针系等部分组成。机械钟表用发条作为动力的原动系，经过一组齿轮组成的传动系来推动擒纵调速器工作，再由擒纵调速器反过来控制传动系的转速。传动系在推动擒纵调速器的同时还带动指针机构。传动系的转速受控于擒纵调速器，所以指针能按一定的规律在表盘上指示时刻。上条拨针系是上紧发条或拨动指针的机件。此外,还有一些附加机构可增加钟表的功能，如自动上条机构、日历（双历）机构、闹时装置、月相指示和测量时段机构等。

     Mechanical timepieces come in a variety of constructions, but their working principles are basically the same. The clock is mainly composed of the prime mover, the drive train, the escapement governor, the pointer system and the winding needle system. The mechanical clock uses the mainspring as the power train, and drives the escapement governor to work through a gear train composed of a set of gears, and then the escapement governor in turn controls the speed of the drive train. The drive train drives the pointer mechanism while pushing the escapement governor. The speed of the drive train is controlled by the escapement governor, so the pointer can indicate the time on the dial according to a certain rule. The winding needle system is the mechanism that winds up the mainspring or moves the pointer. In addition, there are some additional mechanisms that can increase the functions of the clock, such as automatic winding mechanism, calendar (dual calendar) mechanism, alarm time device, moon phase indication and measurement period mechanism.